Table 1

Students’ native places and share of public funding by province of birth. Source: Who’s Who of American Returned Students (1917)

Native   Place (Chinese) Native Place (Pinyin) % Government Funding Government support (number) Private support Partial support Unknown Total (by location)
江蘇 Jiangsu 57% 78 40 11 7 136
廣東 Guangdong 36% 37 44 11 10 102
浙江 Zhejiang 72% 28 6 2 3 39
河北 Hebei 61% 14 8 1 0 23
福建 Fujian 24% 4 11 0 2 17
美國 United States 21% 3 9 1 1 14
湖北 Hubei 38% 6 8 2 0 16
江西 Jiangxi 20% 2 7 1 0 10
香港 Xianggang 0% 0 5 0 1 6
山東 Shandong 80% 4 0 1 0 5
安徽 Anhui 38% 3 4 1 0 8
四川 Sichuan 50% 3 1 1 1 6
直隸 Zhili 43% 3 3 1 0 7
河南 Henan 100% 2 0 0 0 2
廣西 Guangxi 100% 1 0 0 0 1
湖南 Hunan 50% 1 0 1 0 2
甘肅 Gansu 100% 1 0 0 0 1
貴州 Guizhou 100% 1 0 0 0 1
馬來半島 Malaya 0% 0 1 0 0 1
景陽 Jingyang 0% 0 0 0 1 1
Unknown Unknown 0% 0 2 0 1 3
Total (type   of funding) 48% 191 149 34 27 401

Table 2

Selected list of fathers and sons mentioned in the Who’s Who of American Returned Students (1917). The selected individuals are those for whom we were able to gather sufficient biographical information. The table indicates the family cluster to which each individual belongs, as identified through formal network analysis. It includes their names in Chinese with pinyin transliteration, the generation they represent (1 or 2 for fathers, 2 or 3 for sons), their year of birth, and gender. Additionally, it compares their place of birth, education, occupation, and place of work or residence in 1917.

Family No. Generation Name (Chinese) Name (Pinyin) Gender Year of birth Place of birth Studies in the   U.S. Discipline or   Specialization Funding Workplace in   1917 Occupation Sector of   employment
1 1 伍廷芳 Wu Tingfang M 1842 Malacca NO (England) Law Private Official Law
1 2 伍朝樞 Wu Zhaoshu M 1886 Tianjin 1897-1904 Political Science Private Shanghai
110 1 薩鎭冰 Sa Zhenbing M 1859 Fuzhou NO (England) (Royal   Naval College, Greenwich) Official (Naval   industry) Government Official Naval industry
110 2 薩福均 Sa Fujun M 1886 Fuzhou 1906-1910 Civil Engineering Private Yichang (Hubei)
42 1 張錦 Zhang Jin M 1850 Nanhai (Guangdong) Revenue Official Revenue
42 2 張煜全 Zhang Yuquan M 1880 Guangzhou (Guangdong) 1901-1906 Law Government Shanghai
23 1 周馥 Zhou Fu M 1837 Jiande (Anhui) Official (governor,   Viceroy) Official
23 2 周逵 Zhou Kui M 1889 Jiande (Anhui) 1910-1915 Medicine Private Shanghai
50 1 施肇曾 Shi Zhaoceng M 1866 Hangxian (Zhejiang) Official (railway) Official Railway
50 2 施贊元 Shi Zanyuan M 1888 Suzhou (Jiangsu) 1904-1916 Medicine Partial Tianjin
50 2 施厚元 Shi Houyuan M 1889 Shanghai (Jiangsu) 1906-1914 Liberal arts Private Beijing
48 1 徐勤 Xu Qin M 1872 Sanshui (Guangdong) Entrepreneur (Press) Macao-Hongkong Entrepreneur
48 2 徐良 Xu Liang M 1892 Guangzhou (Guangdong) 1905-1913 Liberal arts Private Guangzhou
85 1 王海濤 Wang Haitao M Yancheng (Jiangsu) Physician? Beijing?
85 2 王仁輔 Wang Renfu M 1885 Kunshan (Jiangsu) 1909-1913 Mathematics-Political   Science Government Kunshan (Jiangsu)
138 1 錢鑅 Qian Heng M Changzhou (Jiangsu) Scholar-industrialist   (commerce, timber)
138 2 錢方軾 Qian Fangshi M 1886 Changzhou (Jiangsu) 1906-1912 Economics-Business   Administration Partial Tianjin
25 1 唐仲良 Tang Zhongliang M Merchant Merchant
25 2 唐寳桐 Tang Baotong M 1887 Shanghai 1903-1913 Civil Engineering Private Shanghai
25 2 唐寳泰 Tang Baotai M 1893 Shanghai NO (Germany) Military sciences Shanghai Entrepreneur Textile, Banking
25 3 唐曉天 Tang Xiaotian M Shanghai NO (St Johns) Economics Shanghai Entrepreneur Textile, Construction
25 3 唐百平 Tang Baiping M Shanghai NO (St Johns) Sociology Shanghai Entrepreneur Textile, Construction
132 1 鄭慈穀 (鄭式如) Zheng Cigu (Zheng   Shiru) M Wujiang (Jiangsu) Scholar Scholar
132 2 鄭之蕃 Zheng Zhifan M 1887 Wujiang (Jiangsu) 1909-1911 Liberal Arts Government Wujiang (Jiangsu)
132 2 鄭佩宜 Zheng Peiyi F 1888
69 1 林雨亭 Lin Yuting M 1861 Panyu (Guangdong) Insurance Shanghai Entrepreneur Insurance
69 2 林鑑誠 Lin Jiancheng M 1890 Tianjin 1911-1915 Civil Engineering Private Shanghai
74 1 楊信之 Yang Xinzhi M 1846 Wuxing (Zhejiang) Silk Merchant Shanghai Entrepreneur Silk
74 2 楊奎侯 Yang Kuihou M 1889 Shanghai 1912-1916 Commerce-Economics-Law NA Shanghai
35 1 尤先甲 You Xianjia M 1843 Suzhou (Jiangsu) Scholar-Official Scholar-Official Transportation,   commerce & industry, public welfare
35 2 尤志邁 You Zhimai M 1887 Suzhou (Jiangsu) 1909-1913 Agriculture Private Suzhou (Jiangsu) Entrepreneur Agrilcuture, food   industry
77 1 李伯蓮 Li Bolian M 1869 Suzhou (Jiangsu)
77 2 李虞貞 (楊豹靈夫人) Li Yuzhen (Mrs. Yang   Baoling) F 1890 Suzhou (Jiangsu) 1908-1911 Liberal arts Private
77 2 楊豹靈 Yang Baoling M 1887 Suzhou (Jiangsu) 1907-1911 Civil Engineering Private Nanjing
131 1 鄒嘉來 Zou Jialai M 1853 Wuxian (Jiangsu) Scholar-Official Scholar-Official
131 2 鄒應藼 Zou Yingxuan M 1884 Suzhou (Jiangsu) 1908-1915 Agriculture-Forestry Government Suzhou (Jiangsu)

Table 3

Table 3 – Selected list of uncles and nephews mentioned in the Who’s Who of American Returned Students (1917). The selected individuals are those for whom we were able to gather sufficient biographical information. The table indicates the family cluster to which each individual belongs (identified through formal network analysis), their names in Chinese with pinyin transliteration, the generation they represent (1 for uncles, 2 or 3 for nephews), their year of birth, and gender. The table also compares their place of birth, education in America and prior education in China, occupation, and place of work or residence in 1917.

Family No. Generation Name (Chinese) Name (Pinyin) Gender Year of birth Place of birth Studies in the   US Colleges   attended Discipline/   Specialization Funding Place of work   or residence (1917)
123 1 費起鶴 Fei   Qihe M 1879 Same   (Tongxian, Zhili) Different   timing (1901-1907; 1909-1914) Different   in China Education Private Same   (Beijing)
123 2 費興仁 Fei   Xingren M 1886 Same   in America (Oberlin, Yale) Partial
50 1 施肇曾 Shi   Zhaoceng M 1866 Different   provinces (Zhejiang, Jiangsu) The   uncle did not study in the US but he attended the same college as his nephew   in China (St. John’s) Same   in China (St. John’s) Railway NA/Shanghai
50 2 施調元 Shi   Diaoyuan M 1888 Textile   industry Private
17 1 歐陽庚 Ouyang   Geng M 1858 Same   provinces, different localities (Xiangshan, Guangzhou) Different   timing (1872-1881; 1903-1912) Different   (Yale, California) Engineering Government Abroad/Beijing
17 2 歐陽月 Ouyang   Yue M 1885 Commerce Partial
60 1 李恩富 Li   Enfu M 1861 Same   provinces, same locality (Xiangshan, Guangzhou) Different   timing (1872-1881/1884; 1899-1913) Different   (Yale, Tennessee) Naval   engineering Government NA/Xiangshan
60 2 李奉藻 Li   Fengzao M 1884 Medicine Private
31 1 孫多森 Sun   Duosen M 1867 Same   (Shouxian, Anhui) Partial   overlap (1899-1909; 1903-1912) Different   (Cornell; MIT, Brown) Same   (Shanghai)
31 1 孫多鈺 Sun   Duoyu M 1882 Civil   Engineering Private
31 2 孫元方 Sun   Yuanfang M 1883 Mining-Banking Private

Table 4

Selected list of siblings mentioned in the Who’s Who of American Returned Students (1917). The table indicates the family cluster to which each individual belongs (identified through formal network analysis), their names in Chinese with pinyin transliteration, their year of birth, and their date and place of marriage. It also compares their place of birth, education in America and prior education in China, occupation, and place of work or residence in 1917.

Family No. Generation Name (Chinese) Name (Pinyin) Gender Year of birth Place of birth Studies in U.S. Universities Discipline Funding Workplace   (1917)
15 2 卞壽孫 Bian   Shousun M 1881 Different   (Wuchang, Hubei; Yangzhou, Jiangsu) No   overlap (1902-1916, 1913-1915) Different   in China (Aurora, St. John’s) Economics   (both) Partial   (both) Yangzhou/Beijing
15 2 卞福孫 Bian   Fusun M 1886 Same   in America (Brown)
54 1 曹芳芸 Cao   Fangyun F 1871 Same   province (Jiangsu), different towns (Suzhou, Nanxiang) Partial   overlap (1897-1911, 1907-?) Different   in China and US Education Private Shanghai   (same)
54 2 曹雲祥 Cao   Yunxiang M 1881 Liberal   arts Government
142 2 陳同壽 Chen   Tongshou M 1881 Same   (Suzhou) No   overlap (1905-1911, 1911-1916) Same   in China (Nanyang) Liberal   arts Government   (both) Beijing/Shanghai
142 2 陳明壽 Chen   Mingshou M 1891 Different   (California, Illinois; Columbia, MIT) Mechanical   engineering
62 2 李植楡 Li   Zhiyu M 1888 Different   (Shanghai, Jiangsu ; Ningpo, Zhejiang) Partial   overlap (1910-1915, 1913-1914) Same   in China (Anglo-Chinese College) Economics Private   (both) Shanghai   (same)
62 2 李植藩 Li   Zhifan M 1889 Same   in America (Chicago) Electrical   engineering
45 2 徐志誠 Xu   Zhicheng M 1888 Same   (Shanghai) Overlap   (1910-1914/1916) Same   in China (St. John’s) Sociology Government   (both) Shanghai/   Hangzhou
45 2 徐志薌 Xu   Zhixiang M 1892 Same   in America (Harvard) Mechanical   Engineering
50 1 施肇基 Shi Zhaoji M 1876 Different (Jiangsu,   Zhejiang) Partial overlap (1893   /1897-1902/1905) Same   in China (St. John’s) Liberal arts Private   (both) Tianjin (same)
50 1 施肇祥 Shi Zhaoxiang M 1879 Same   in America (Cornell) Mechanical   Engineering
50 2 施贊元 Shi Zanyuan M 1888 Same   province (Jiangsu), different towns (Suzhou, Shanghai) Partial overlap   (1904/1906-1914/1916) Same   in China (St. John’s) Medicine Partial Tianjin/Beijing
50 2 施厚元 Shi Houyuan M 1889 Different in America   (Washington, Pennsylvania) Liberal arts Private

Table 5

List of spouses mentioned in the Who’s Who of American Returned Students (1917). All married women are listed under their husband’s names. The table indicates the family cluster to which each individual belongs (identified through formal network analysis), their names (specifically, husbands’ names) in Chinese with pinyin transliteration, and their year of birth. It also compares their place of birth, education in America and prior education in China, occupation, and place of work or residence in 1917.

Family No. Husband’s name   (Chinese) Name (Pinyin) Place of birth Studies in U.S. Colleges   attended Marriage Workplace   (1917)
123 費興仁 Fei Xingren Different   provinces (Zhili, Shanghai) Partial   overlap (1907/1909-1914) Same   (Oberlin) After   return (1914) Beijing/NA
169 韓安 Han An Different   provinces (Anhui, Jiangxi) Partial   overlap (1907/01/08-1912) Different   (Cornell, Michigan, Wisconsin; Columbia, Wells) After   return (1914) Beijing/Nanjing
170 黃榮良 Huang Rongliang Anhui   (Wuwei)/NA Perfect   overlap (1900-1906) (same date of departure) Same   (Baker) Before   leaving or immediately after arriving in the US (1900) Same   (Beijing)
72 梅華銓 Mei Huaquan Different   countries (Taishan, Hongkong) Partial   overlap (1911-1915) Same   (Columbia) After   return (1915) Taishan/Shanghai
17 歐陽祺 Ouyang Qi Different   countries (Xiangshan, Los Angeles) Partial   overlap (1882-1915) Different   (NYU, California; Pacific, Arizona) Before   return (1914) Same   (Beijing)
77 楊豹靈 Yang Baoling Same   locality (Suzhou) Partial   overlap (1907/1908-1910/1911) Different   (Cornell, Purdue; La George) After   return (1914) Suzhou/Nanjing
171 張福良 Zhang Fuliang Different   countries (Shanghai, New York) Partial   overlap (both returned in September 1915) Different   (Yale, Hunter) After   return (1915) Changsha/NA
172 張履鼇 Zhang Lüao Same   province (Jiangsu), different localities (Nanjing, Suzhou) Partial   overlap (1906/1907-1911) Different   (Yale, Virginia; Randolph Macon) After   return (1913) Same   (Hankou)